Ecology & Environmental Studies

The field of zoology, along with all biological sciences has grown greatly in extent and complexity in the past few decades. I am very pleased to present this book on “Ecology & Environmental studies”. This book is a conscious attempt to meet the specific needs of the students of science stream dealing with the importance of ecology and environment related studies. It is prepared for the use of undergraduate students. The chapters incorporated in this book have been given adequate weight so as to meet the requirements of students. The author is deeply grateful for suggestions in creating this book from several zoologists they meet. We lay no claim to originality in the preparation of this book as it is a compilation work done in a manner which would be useful for the students.

I am highly indebted to all my well wishers, our publisher and most important by students who co-operated us in all our steps to deliver this book. Interactions with students, research scholars, guide and colleagues have give me valuable inputs and I am grateful to them as well.